Japon: record des émissions de gaz à effet de serre 14/11/2008 11:42   Evaluer par Victor Roux-Goeken Réagir à l'article   dans le JDLE Le Japon se dirige vers un marché du carbone volontaire Japon: la baisse des émissions du pays sera virtuelle Après-Kyoto: le Japon veut des objectifs plus faciles à atteindre     Les émissions du Japon ont augmenté de 2,3% l’an dernier, a annoncé le ministre japonais de l’environnement dans un communiqué. Les émissions ont crû de 1,371 milliard de tonnes équivalent CO2 en 2007. Elles s’étaient réduites de 1,3% en 2006. L’objectif de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) du pays, dans le cadre du protocole de Kyoto, paraît de plus en plus inatteignable. Le Japon devrait les réduire de 6% en 2012 par rapport à 1990. Il les dépasse de 6%... Le pays a lancé un marché du carbone au début de l’automne, mais n’a pas souhaité fixer un plafond contraignant de quotas. A l’origine de la hausse des émissions: la fermeture de la plus grande centrale nucléaire du pays après un tremblement de terre en juillet 2007, entraînant une hausse de la demande de charbon et de gaz. Les énergéticiens prévoyaient une baisse de 0,34 kg de leurs émissions de CO2 par kilowattheure et par an d’ici 2012. Mais elles se sont élevées à 0,453 kg en mars, après la fermeture de la centrale. Et même si le secteur avait tenu son engagement, le Japon aurait malgré tout dépassé ses objectifs, selon le ministère.

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fluchere jean

Et les pays de l'UE à 15? Merci au JDLE pour cet article sur les évolutions des émissions au Japon consécutive au remplacement provisoire de la production de la centrale nucléaire qui se trouve sur le lieu du dernier grand séïsme. Il serait intéressant que le JDLE nous donne pour chaque pays de l'UE à 15, la position par rapport à ses engagements et la tendance sur la dernière année. lundi 17 novembre 2008 - 08:25

.                                                 Periode d echange   2005 2007
l echange des  droits d emissions dans l UE
D APRES LES PNAQ  APPROUVES PAR LA COMMISSION EUROPEENNE
État membre de l'UE	Part des droits d'émission de l'UE	Objectif de Kyoto	Droits d'émission de C02 (Miot)	Installations concernées ( )
Allemagne	22,8	-21	1497,00	1849		UEPROPOSITIONSDIMINUTIONGES.pdf
Royaume-Uni	11,2	-12,5	736,00	1078
Pologne	10,9	-6	717,30	1166		UE20%ENERRENOU2020.JPG
Italie	10,6	-6,5	697,50	1240
Espagne	8,0	15	523,30	819		UEENR2010.JPG
France	7,1	0	469,50	1172
République tchèque	4,4	-8	292,80	435		UEPOLCOMENER080812.pdf
Pays-Bas	4,3	-6	285,90	333
Grèce	3,4	25	223,20	141		uepaquet080215.pdf
Belgique	2,9	-7,5	188,80	363
Finlande .......	2,1	0	136,50	535		ueindicateurs
Portugal	1,7	27	114,50	239		enerrenouv2007.pdf
Autriche	1,5	-13	99,00	205
Danemark	1,5	-21	100,50	378		UEPNAQ061214.pdf
Hongrie	1,4	-6	93,80	261		UE20012005GRAPH.htm
Slovaquie	1,4	-8	91,50	209
Irlande	1,0	13	67,00	143
Estonie	0,9	-8	56,85	43
Lituanie	0,6	-8	36,80	93
Chypre	0,3		16,98	13
Lettonie	0,2	-8	13,70	95
Luxembourg	0,2	-28	10,O7	19
Malte	0,1		8,83	2
Slovénie	0,4	-8	26,30	98
Suède	1,1	4	68,70	499
Total	100,0		6572,4	11428
(') Ces chiffres ne tiennent pas compte d'éventuelles inclusions ou exclusions d'installations en application des articles 24 et 27 de la directive 200J/87/CE.
f) Conformément au protocole de Kyoto, l'Union des Quinze (jusqu'au 30 avril 2004, l'UE comptait quinze États membres)
doit abaisser entre 2008 et 2012 ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre de 8 % par rapport aux niveaux de 1990.
Cet objectif est réparti entre les quinze États membres en vertu d'un accord de répartition de la charge juridiquement contraignant
(décision 2002/3$8/Œ du Conseil du 25 avril 2002). Les dix États membres ayant rejoint l'UE le f mai 2004
ont souscrit à des objectifs individuels au titre du protocole de Kyoto, à l'exception de Chypre et de Malte.

FRIDAY-Saturday, 12-13 December 2008

Friday night--Some developed countries, such as the US, have made it clear that any agreement must contain commitments by large greenhouse gas emitting countries, such as China and Brazil. During the course of the Poznan Conference, it has been clear that even if negotiating positions have not changed, countries such as Brazil and China have taken major steps to address climate change.

“Everyone is waiting until the other makes a move,” says Brazilian Environment Minister Carlos Minc. “But this causes an impasse.” Rather, he says, Brazil is moving to take steps. “We didn’t have a plan. Now we have a plan. We didn’t have targets. Now we have targets.” Among the details of the new plan, he says, is the goal of reducing deforestation in the Amazon by 70 percent. And while the country remains committed to its biofuel programme, he says ethanol production will “not take away one hectare from the native peoples or areas that produce food.”

“We are showing that developing countries will do our part,” Minc says, adding that developing countries could not just sit and wait until the big emitters take action. “Before Copenhagen, we can do a lot.”

The EU--By now word that the European Union has reached a deal on its energy package has filtered down to the meeting, and that means that the EU will stick to its plan to reduce greenhouse emissions by 20 percent below 1990 level by 2020. In case a deal is reached in Copenhagen, the Europeans would go to a reduction of 30 percent in the same time frame.

German Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel says the agreement would keep the European Union has the world leader in emission reductions. “There are no regions in the world that have such high targets.”

Conclusion--The Poznan Climate Change Conference is over. It ended at just past 3 in the morning. Even so there were some 60 to 70 reporters who stayed for the closing press conference.

It was not a conference of grand agreements or breakthroughs, but rather, it was a conference of rather technical discussions and decisions that will underpin the stiff year of negotiations that is forecasted for 2009.

The UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon reminded us that the purpose of the meeting was not to come to final decisions, “but rather to agree to a work plan for the intense negotiations ahead in 2009. Parties had taken an important step forward.” Yvo de Boer described Poznan a kind of “blue-collar” conference, "It’s a conference to get our job done, it's not a conference of spectacular or breakthroughs."

What happens now is that the wheels are in motion toward Copenhagen. The countries agreed that a negotiating text must be on the table by the June negotiating session that will take place in Bonn, a necessary step. There is some question of what exactly will--or can be adopted in Copenhagen, but there is a strong feeling that the deal reached next year will contain all the essential elements of a comprehensive agreement that might leave some technical elements for agreement afterward. Since there are two negotiating tracks--one on a new commitment period for the Kyoto Protocol and the other on a totally new agreement--some developing countries objected to the idea that there should be a ratifiable agreement in Copenhagen because it would “prejudge” the outcome.”

Al Gore, the Nobel Peace Prize winner who addressed the Conference on its last day, implored the Conference’s participants to disregard those who feel that an agreement could not be reached by next December in Copenhagen. In summation, he told the Poznan crowd that, in a non-official capacity, he brought a message from the American people--“yes we can.”

Developing countries expressed frustration throughout the two-week Conference that discussions were veering away from some basic principles, including equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities that provides that all countries should act in a manner commensurate with their circumstances and resources. Small Island countries reminded all delegations that they stood to suffer the most from climate change, namely from the inundation of their countries.

Progress was made on a number of issues that includes making the Adaptation Fund operational. In addition to the funding that the Fund will receive through a levy on Clean Development Mechanism transactions, Sweden offered $500 million to the fund over the next three years. Agreements were also reached on technology transfer, on financing and on improving the operations of the Adaptation Fund. One area of major disappointment for developing countries was the failure to reach agreement on a system to share proceeds from emissions trading systems for adaptation purposes.

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December 2008

S	M	T	W	T	F	S
	1	2	3	4	5	6
7	8	9	10	11	12	13
14	15	16	17	18	19	20
21	22	23	24	25	26	27
28	29	30	31

Though opinions were still poles asunder, participants at the Petersberg Climate Dialogue emerged from three days of discussion which ended Tuesday with guarded optimism.

They based their optimism on hopes of reviving stalled debate and rekindling practical cooperation among those who attended the United Nations climate change conference in Copenhagen last year.

The Petersberg dialogue was co-hosted by Germany and Mexico which is to host the follow-up to the Copenhagen conference in November.

"We succeeded in having a productive, trust-building platform," German Environment Minister Norbert Roettgen told reporters on Tuesday.

"We have made significant progress in three important fields of global climate change policy, that is, tropical forest protection, adaptation and green growth," he added.

The minister explained that France and Norway put forward an initiative on stopping deforestation while Germany pledged to provide developing countries with 350 million euros (465 million U.S. dollars) for forest protection in the next three years.

Roettgen said his country and South Africa offered a mitigation initiative aimed at "sharing our experience on sustainable development with developing countries."

But the German minister pinned sustainability on green growth. "What necessary framework is for green growth, what necessary tax incentives are to be in place, how emission trading systems work, we want to introduce German experiences on these issues," Roettgen said.

Also during the Petersberg dialogue, Spain, Costa Rica and the United States put forward an adaptation initiative for capacity building for the poorest nations in particular through financial and technological support, according to Roettgen.

Environment ministers from 43 countries agreed that concrete cooperation should be integrated into the ongoing negotiation process to provide insight on barriers and thus provide key lessons and real experience for inclusion in further negotiations.

"Talks on emissions trading were better than expected," Roettgen said. Though some countries still had reservations, there was an overall "great openness" for further discussion.

Five months after Copenhagen and seven months before Cancun, many environment officials and experts are still doubting whether the next UN meeting would be able to break the deadlock by inking a legally-binding global deal.

"It is extremely important that we have a set of concrete decisions coming out of Cancun, but we need to look at the process realistically," European Commissioner for Climate Action Connie Hedegaard told the press at Petersberg just outside Bonn.

Some experts say that though progress made at Petersberg was encouraging, it was confined to a rather limited range of issues whereas the most important questions were left unanswered.

Scientists argue that the current voluntary emissions cut pledges in Copenhagen Accord are expected to warm up Earth by 3.5 to 4.0 degrees Celsius, well over the 2-degree Celsius "red line" of danger.

The United States, one of the main emitter players in climate talks, remains uncertain about its targets and actions to cut emissions.

"The U.S. pledges in the Copenhagen Accord depend on national legislation, which is currently stalled in the Senate," said Martin Kaiser, climate policy director for Greenpeace International.

"So basically that means they have not pledged anything yet - that is the biggest problem we have."

Yvo de Boer, standing executive secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, has said that he saw slim chances of reaching a strong enough agreement in Cancun because of the fact that the difficult situation since Copenhagen has not fundamentally changed.

But he expected that Cancun might yield some "substantial results" which would provide instruments for further negotiations and increase the level of ambition.

"I think it would be a great pity if this were the only opportunity of the minister's engagement (in climate talks) between now and Cancun," de Boer added, calling for continued involvement of environment officials from various countries

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China and the European Union have established a ministerial-level mechanism of dialogue and cooperation on climate change, China's top economic planner announced Thursday.

The establishment of the mechanism came as a ministerial-level talk on climate change between top climate officials of China and EU was held in Beijing, said the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC).

The two sides would set up a ministerial level hotline to exchange views and share the latest developments on climate change, according to a joint statement issued after the end of the talk.

The talk was held between NDRC vice minister Xie Zhenhua and Connie Hedegaard, the EU Commissioner for Climate Action, during the European Commission's ongoing visit to China.

The two sides would also periodically hold ministerial talks on the topic, so as to strengthen cooperation and deepen mutual understanding on the issue, it said.

The talks would include negotiations between high level officials as well as working level discussions, said the statement.

"China and EU have noticed and appreciated each other's efforts to combat climate change, and would like to restate our support for the Copenhagen Accord and promote the political consensus reached in the accord," it said.

The two sides would work closely together under the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, in a bid to achieve positive results and meaningful progress at December's climate summit in Cancun, Mexico, it said.